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Nama halaman Wikipedia: Help:IPA/Madhurâ
Status: Uji coba
Uji pertama Bak beḍḍhi Wikipèḍia: Uji pertama
Cèṭa'an:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Madurese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Cèṭa'an:section link.
See Madurese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Madurese.
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Notes
[beccè']Further Reading
[beccè']- Misnadin; Kirby, James (April 2020). "Ilustration of IPA. Madurese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Illustrations of the IPA. 50 (1): 109–126. doi: 10.1017/S0025100318000257. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
- Misnadin (May 2020). "Phonetic realisations of Madurese vowels and their implications for the Madurese vowel system". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 10 (1). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: 173–183. doi: 10.17509/ijal.v10i1.25033. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
See also
[beccè']Cèṭa'an:IPA keys -->
- 1 2 Vowel height harmony occurs across medial /r l ʔ/: if the preceding vowel is high, the following vowel is also high (e.g. bârâ [bɤʔɤ] 'inflammation', gherrâ [kʰɨɾɤ] 'stiff').
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /p, /t, /k are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚. /b, d are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚, t̚]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in bântet tabu' "hard stomach", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 The consonants represented in Madurese orthography as ‹gh›, ‹jh›, ‹bh›, and ‹dh› are voiceless aspirated stops and affricates, not voiced aspirated ones. They are phonetically realized as [kʰ], [cʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ], respectively, and contrast with their unaspirated counterparts [k], [c], [p], and [t]. Likewise, the geminated forms are [tːʰ], [kːʰ], [cːʰ], and [ʈːʰ], e.g. ‘'begghâ (/bəkːʰɤ/).
- 1 2 Madurese contrasts denti-alveolar ([t̪ d̪]) and retroflex ([ʈ ɖ]) plosives, though the functional load is low. Retroflexes may surface as alveolars, but not vice versa
- 1 2 3 The fricatives [f, z, ʃ, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is virtually always pronounced as [f] by mostly native Madurese speakers. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- 1 2 When a consonant is followed by an apostrophe, the following vowel is typically pronounced in a separate syllable, If the apostrophe appears between vowels, it is opsional realized as a geminate. For example, ta'al (/taʔːal/ or /ta.ʔal/) and so'on (/sɔʔːɔn/ or /sɔ.ʔɔn/),bâ'â (/bɤ.ʔɤ/ or /bɤʔːɤ/) depends on the accent. The glottal stop may also be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic-derived words, such as Al Qur'an.
- ↑ Word-final [h] may appear phrase-finally, or contrastively in a few minimal pairs (e.g., [kala] ‘lose' vs. [kalah] ‘scorpion'). In Eastern Madurese, the contrast is neutralized.
- 1 2 Intervocalic [j] and [w] are inserted predictably when adjacent vowels differ in backness (e.g., [kɛjaɛ] → kèyaè). Word-final [j] is phonemic; [w] is not.
- ↑ /r/ is usually a trill [r] word-initially and word-finally (e.g. [rɔwa], [lapar]), but may be an approximant [ɹ] (e.g. [ɹakət], [ɹasːa]). Word-medially, it's often a tap [ɾ] (e.g. bârâng [bɤɾɤŋ]), it's because geminate counterpart /rr/ (only medial) is a trill [r] (e.g. parron [parɔn], gherrâ [kʰɨrɤ]). Singleton /r/ can also be a trill medially (e.g. [kerpʰuj]). No clear duration difference found between geminate and singleton trills (2–4 taps)
- ↑ High vowels [i ɨ ɤ u] occur only after aspirated or voiced plosives, while other contexts yield non-high vowels. This pattern is systematic and restricts vowel distribution.
- ↑ [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: wakaf [wakɑf].
- ↑ [ɨ] is an allophone of /e/, appears exclusively after aspirated (e.g. /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/) or voiced (e.g. /b/, /d/, /ɡ/) stops due to vowel raising rules. It is never found after voiceless unaspirated stops. In many cases, it precedes geminate consonants and contributes to vertical vowel harmony patterns.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Madurese does not have phonemic diphthongs. Apparent diphthong-like sequences such as [aɛ], [aɔ], [ɤi], and [ɤu] etc. are in fact hiatus, with each vowel clearly articulated and bearing separate formant targets.
- ↑ /o/ has an allophone in the form of [u] based on some dialects (e.g. bungo [bu.ŋu] 'purple', congngo' [cuŋːɔʔ], 'look')
- ↑ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [ə], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.
- ↑ Medial consonants may be phonemically or morphologically geminated. Schwa and [ɨ] often trigger gemination word-medially (e.g., /pəlːɔ/ ‘sweat', /bɨkːas/ ‘former').